Industrialized nations offer a miracle drug, Orchid, which they mass produce and distribute to refugee camps around the world. But Orchid is merely a way to buy time.
It treats the symptoms of the plague but never cures the disease. Immari International offers a different approach: do nothing. Let the plague run its course. The Immari envision a world populated by the genetically superior survivors--a new human race, ready to fulfill its destiny. With control of the world population hanging in the balance, the Orchid Alliance and the Immari descend into open warfare.
In this study, we found that the locus containing the four genes lysS lysine-tRNA ligase , argP trancriptional regulator , cad B cadaverine-lysine antiporter , and cadA lysine decarboxylase is responsible for strong lysine decarboxylation. Escherichia coli also possesses a cad locus that is responsible for cadaverine formation.
However, the genetic organization of the E. Upstream of the E. As in E. This apparently contradicts observations made by Cornelis et al. The researchers observed that the lysine-positive character could be transferred to lysine-negative strains. It is noteworthy that the GC-content of the cadB and cadA genes of the cheese isolates is This is lower than the mean GC-content of the chromosome This indicates that both genes may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer and could indeed be transferred between strains.
We did not find any other gene that shows similarities to cadB or cadA lysine decarboxylase. Both genes are present in all cheese isolates of our study. However, five cheese strains showed weak putrescine production. In these strains, an IS element disrupts the speF gene, whereas the speC gene is intact. This indicates that speF is the gene mainly responsible for putrescine formation observed in vitro. The production of cheese inoculated with strains having both the intact and the disrupted speF will help to understand the putrescine formation in situ.
Bacteria showing antibiotic resistances are undesirable in food because they can disseminate their resistances to human pathogenic bacteria Huddleston, Therefore, we analyzed antibiotic resistances of the M. All strains were resistant against ampicillin, tetracycline, colistin, and tigecycline. We detected the gene in all cheese isolates.
We could link the tetracycline resistance to the tetracycline efflux transporter tet D gene Henriques et al. The resistance to tetracycline is widespread in M. However, it can also occur in M. However, three cheese isolates were resistant against this antibiotic. We could not identify the resistance mechanism because the three strains do not possess known resistance genes described in the literature Tsakris et al.
Furthermore, the amino acid sequence of the dihydrofolate reductase DHFR , the target enzyme of trimethoprim, is identical to the DHFR sequence of sensitive cheese isolates Watson et al. The characteristic of resistance to chloramphenicol is not uniformly described in the literature. On the one hand, there are reports that M. In our case, all cheese isolates show chloramphenicol resistance and possess a cat gene located on the chromosome. These findings indicate that chloramphenicol resistance is presumably more widespread than previously thought.
In the present study we isolated M. Our genomic and phenotypic analyses show that the isolates belong to subsp. The differences in ANI values between subsp. Various strains can metabolize trehalose, histidine, lysine, and ornithine, which serve as energy sources in cheese environments. We linked the metabolic activities to genetic loci, and, to the best of our knowledge, describe the locus involved in cadaverine formation for the first time.
Antibiotic resistance profiles did not exhibit unusual resistances. Taken together, in this study we describe M. In situ experiments will clarify the impact of M. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. LR and RB performed the bioinformatic analysis. EA-R critically revised and discussed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript, conceived and designed the study, and analyzed the data.
Part of this study was funded by the Innosuisse Project The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Amato, L. Microbial composition of defect smear — a problem evolving during foil-prepacked storage of red-smear cheeses. Dairy J. Antipov, D. PlasmidSPAdes: assembling plasmids from whole genome sequencing data. Bioinformatics 32, — Ascone, P. Prevalence and diversity of histamine-forming Lactobacillus parabuchneri strains in raw milk and cheese — a case study.
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Improved screening procedure for biogenic amine production by lactic acid bacteria. Food Microbiol. Chen, Y. Whole-genome sequencing and identification of Morganella morganii KT pathogenicity-related genes. BMC Genomics S4. Chun, J.
Proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes. CLSI Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. CLSI supplement M Google Scholar. Cornelis, G. Plasmid-encoded lysine decarboxylation in Proteus morganii.
Coton, M. Diversity and assessment of potential risk factors of Gram-negative isolates associated with French cheeses. Characterization of a second ornithine decarboxylase Isolated from Morganella morganii. Food Prot. The first edition of the novel was published in October 12th , and was written by A. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Kindle Edition format. The main characters of this science fiction, fiction story are,.
The book has been. The greatest mystery of all time the history of human origins will be revealed. Seventy thousand years ago, the human race almost went extinct. We survived, but no one knows how. Until now.
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